Papers Seminar 2
Session 1: Welcome, Recall and Outlook
Session 2: Renewable Energies – a Miracle Cornucopia?
Session 3: Nuclear Energy – A Radiant Future?
Session 4: Fossil Energies – Evidence of Hope?
Session 5: Energy Efficiency – Expanding the Realm of the Possible
Session 6: Transforming Energy Use – Aiming for the Impossible?
Papers Session 1: Welcome, Recall and Outlook
Speech by Karsten D. Voigt, Transatlantic Coordinator, German Foreign Ministry
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Papers Session 2: Renewable Energies – a Miracle Cornucopia?
Seminar-Presentation by Miranda Schreurs: What Potential for Renewables
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Renewables in Global Energy Supply – An IEA Fact Sheet
By: International Energy Agency
Jan 2007
The purpose of the Renewable Energy Fact Sheet is to present the current status of renewable energy markets as well as the IEA scenarios for future development of these technologies.
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Renewables Global Status Report 2006
By: BMU (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservancy and Nuclear Safety)
Aug 2006
Investments in renewable energy sources have gone up by one third within one year from 30 billion US dollars in 2004 to 38 billion US dollars in 2005. The purpose of the report is to advance a rapid and more wide-spread use of renewable energy sources in developing and industrialised countries by lending support to political developments and decision making processes at regional, national and international level.
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Large Scale Deployment of Renewables for Electricity Generation
By: Karsten Neuhoff2005
This paper provides an overview of the technological and resource potential of across renewable energy technologies and analysis domestic policy instruments and the role of international cooperation for the advancement of renewable energy technologies.
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Contribution of Renewables to Energy Security
By: International Energy Agency
Apr 2007
The environmental benefits of renewable energy are well known. But the contribution that they can make to energy security is less widely recognised. This report aims to redress the balance, showing how in electricity generation, heat supply, and transport, renewables can enhance energy security and suggesting policies that can optimise this contribution.
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Wind Force 12 (2005) - A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World’s Electricity from Wind Power by 2020
By: European Wind Energy Association
Jun 2005
This EWEA (European Wind Energy Association) report demonstrates that there are no technical, economic or resource barriers to supplying 12% of the world's electricity needs with wind power alone by 2020; and this against the challenging backdrop of a projected two thirds increase of electricity demand by that date.
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IEA Energy Technology Essentials: Hydrogen Production & Distribution
By: International Energy Agency
Apr 2007
The IEA Energy Technology Essentials series offers concise four-page updates on the different technologies for producing, transporting and using energy.
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IEA Energy Technology Essentials: Biomass for Power Generation and CHP
By: International Energy Agency
2007
The IEA Energy Technology Essentials series offers concise four-page updates on the different technologies for producing, transporting and using energy.
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IEA Energy Technology Essentials: Biofuel Production
By: International Energy Agency
2007
The IEA Energy Technology Essentials series offers concise four-page updates on the different technologies for producing, transporting and using energy.
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IEA Energy Technology Essentials: Fuel Cells
By: International Energy Agency
2007
The IEA Energy Technology Essentials series offers concise four-page updates on the different technologies for producing, transporting and using energy.
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External Costs of Electricity Generation from Renewable Energies Compared to Electricity Generation from Fossil Energy Sources
By: BMU (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservancy and Nuclear Safety)
Mar 2006
Various energy and environmental policy instruments are geared towards an internalisation of external effects in the energy sector. Despite considerable research work over the past 15 years there are still uncertainties with regard to quantifying external costs. Moreover, new findings in recent years have in some cases led to a re-assessment of the external costs of electricity generation. The study summarises the latest current status of knowledge on the external costs of electricity generation and elaborating recommendations for using the available data in the context of energy policy.
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Estimates of New Renewable Energy Capacity Serving U.S. Green Power Markets
By: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Sep 2005
This article provides estimates of renewable energy capacity that is being supported through green power markets in the United States. As of the end of 2004, more than 2,200 megawatts (MW) of new renewables capacity was being used to supply green power customers, with another 455 MW either under construction or formally announced.
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Impacts on U.S. Energy Expenditures of Increasing Renewable Energy Use
By: Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program (EEED) ,RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment (ISE)
Nov 2006
In this study, RAND uses a computer simulation model to assess the possible impact that a 25-percent renewable energy requirement for electricity and motor vehicle transportation could have on total national energy expenditures and on emissions of carbon dioxide by the year 2025. Currently, 6 percent of America’s energy use comes from renewable sources, including hydropower. As renewable energy supplants nonrenewable energy, demand for those fuels declines, driving down the prices of fossil fuels in the model. This generates savings in total energy cost that balance the higher cost of the renewable energies required to be used under the assumptions in the analysis.
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Renewable Energies Already Providing 236,000 Jobs in Germany in 2006
By: BMU (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservancy and Nuclear Safety)
2007
The continuing boom in the renewable energies' sector created more jobs in Germany last year than previously assumed. According to a BMU research report, in 2006 renewables already provided 235,600 people with jobs. This is an increase of nearly 50% compared to 2004 (around 160,000 jobs).This document offers an overview of the project's main findings as well as the BMU's further activities in the field of work and training in the renewable energies sector.
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Papers Session 3: Nuclear Energy – A Radiant Future?
Seminar-Presentation by Lutz Mez: Nuclear Energy – A Radiant Future?
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IEA Energy Technology Essentials: Nuclear Power
By: International Energy Agency
Mar 2007
The IEA Energy Technology Essentials series offers concise four-page updates on the different technologies for producing, transporting and using energy.
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Nuclear Power – Myth and Reality
By: Heinrich Böll Foundation
2005
"Nuclear Power – Myth and Reality" is a compilation of scientific papers covering the most important issues to do with the production of nuclear power. The compilation aims to cover all the key aspects of the topic, including uranium resources, nuclear energy, proliferation, the economics of nuclear power, security risks, climate change.
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Nuclear Externalities
This spreadsheet contains summaries of various studies on the external costs of nuclear generation.
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The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007
By: Commissioned by the Greens-EFA Group in the European Parliament
2007
The contribution of nuclear energy to worldwide electricity production is falling, according to a new report released by Green MEPs on Wednesday. "In stark contrast to the claims of the nuclear industry.. nuclear energy is in decline," German Green MEP Rebecca Harms said. The report reinforces conclusions from a similar study three years ago It documents a drop in the proportion of nuclear-generated energy in 21 out of 31 countries, with five fewer reactors operating than in 2002.
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Global Uranium Supply and Demand
By: Toni Johnson (Council on Foreign Relations)
Nov 2007
Interest in the use of nuclear power is on the rise, as the world’s growing demand for cheap, reliable electricity vies with the need to reduce air pollution.
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The Economics of Nuclear Power
By: Greenpeace
2007
Greenpeace says it has proved "conclusively" that nuclear power is "neither a practical nor economically viable solution to tackling climate change". A new report says construction costs for recent plants have gone as much as 300 per cent over budget, and average construction time has risen to nearly ten years. This means nuclear's contribution is "too little, too late" in the fight against climate change, the group says.
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Nuclear Power in a Warming World
By: Lisbeth Gronlund, David Lochbaum (Union of Concerned Scientists)
Dec 2007
Global warming demands a profound transformation in the ways we generate and use energy. Because nuclear power results in few global warming emissions, an increased number of nuclear power plants could help reduce global warming — but could also increase the threats nuclear power poses to our safety and security. This report assesses these risks and proposes concrete ways to minimize them.
Lisbeth Gronlund is co-director and senior scientist of the UCS Global Security Program. David Lochbaum is director of the nuclear safety project in the UCS Global Security Program. Edwin Lyman is a senior staff scientist in the UCS Global Security Program.
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Managing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Policy Implications of Expanding Global Access to Nuclear Power
By: Congressional Research Service (U.S. Congress)
Nov 2007
After several decades of decline and disfavor, nuclear power is attracting renewed interest. New permit applications for 30 reactors have been filed in the United States, and another 150 are planned or proposed globally, with about a dozen more already under construction. In the United States, interest appears driven, in part, by provisions in the 2005 Energy Policy Act authorizing streamlined licensing that combine construction and operating permits, and tax credits for production from advanced nuclear power facilities. Moreover, the U.S. Department of Energy proposes to spend billions of dollars to develop the next generation of nuclear power technology.”
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France Fading as Nuclear Leader
By Muriel Boselli (International Herald Tribune)
March 12, 2008
France, one of the world's largest producers of atomic energy, must act fast to avoid a shortage of skilled staff to run its reactors and win a role at the heart of a global nuclear revival. An aging work force, a lack of courses and low enthusiasm among young engineers, for a field that is often seen as secretive or unsafe, all threaten France's ambitions for nuclear power.
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France's Nuclear Diplomacy
By: Michelle M. Smith and Charles D. Ferguson (International Herald Tribune)
March 11, 2008
French President Nicolas Sarkozy has been leveraging France's leading civilian nuclear technology to gain diplomatic, commercial and military advantages with countries in the Middle East, as well parts of Africa and Asia.
In response, nonproliferation experts have voiced their unease at the idea of exporting potentially nuclear bomb-usable technologies to proliferation-prone regions. In particular, the director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Mohamed ElBaradei, recently expressed concern that Sarkozy's aggressive sales campaign in the Muslim world was moving "too fast."
Aside from the obvious political and financial barriers that complicate the construction of nuclear power plants, many practical difficulties stand between France and its ambitious goals in the developing world.
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We Are Betting On The Wrong Horse –
Two Opponents of Nuclear Power Speak Out
By: Lutz Mez and Mycle Schneider
Feb 2008
British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced the construction of new nuclear power plants in the UK. France’s President Sarkozy is selling nuclear technology around the world. In his last State of the Union address, George W. Bush called for an increase of emissions-free nuclear power. China and India build new atomic power stations. Are they all betting on the wrong horse? Two opponents of nuclear power open an Atlantic Times debate.
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Why We Continue to Need Nuclear Energy
By: Utz Claassen
In the February issue (The German Times), Lutz Mez and Mycle Schneider argued that promoting nuclear energy was tantamount to betting on the wrong horse. Utz Claassen, the former CEO of German utility EnBW, takes the opposite view. He pleads for an energy mix including nuclear power.
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Papers Session 4: Fossil Energies – Evidence of Hope?
Seminar-Presentation by Jason Anderson: Fossil Fuels: Evidence of Hope? A Focus on CCS
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Seminar-Presentation by Wolgang Dirschauer: Fossil not Fossils
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World Energy Overview: 1995-2005
By: Energy Information Agency
Oct 2007
The International Energy Annual presents information and trends on world energy production and consumption for petroleum, natural gas, coal, and electricity. Production and consumption data are reported in standard United States physical units as well as British thermal units (Btu). Reserve estimates are shown for petroleum, natural gas, and coal and trade data are provided for these three fuels and for electricity. Data are provided on crude oil refining capacity and electricity installed capacity by type. Also available are estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels. Prices are included for selected crude oils. Population data are also provided.
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Fossil Fuels, the Hydrogen Economy, and Energy Policy
By: Aspen Institute
2004
Each of the major fossil fuels - oil,natural gas,and coal - faces significant challenges and presents interesting opportunities. The 28th annual Energy Policy Forum considered key variables affecting supply and demand for each of the fossil fuels,domestically and globally,including new technologies and the competition offered by alternatives such as renewables and nuclear.It then examined the problems and potential of hydrogen,including its primary fuel source. Finally,based on these discussions,it suggested guidance for the development of near-term government energy policy.
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Resources to Reserves- Oil and Gas Technologies for the Energy Markets of the Future
By: International Energy Agency
2005
The IEA projects that oil demand will grow by more than 50 % between 2002 and 2030 and that gas demand will almost double. But where will all this oil and gas come from? Will we see a peak in oil production?
In principle, there is no shortage of these hydrocarbons in the ground. But quenching the world’s thirst for them will call for major technological progress and investment. Even if OPEC Middle-East countries can meet most of the additional supplies needed, much more advanced technology must be mobilised.
This publication identifies challenges and points to key technologies being investigated in the exploration, production and transportation sectors. It also presents estimates of the oil prices at which various sorts of resources become economical. The aim of this book is to inform discussion on how to ensure that adequate supplies can be tapped in the future.
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Recommendations to the Nation on Reducing U.S. Oil Dependence
By: Energy Security Leadership Council
Dec 2006
This document outlines a comprehensive plan to reduce oil dependence. Within this framework, Primary Policy Recommendations are accompanied by Corollary Policy Recommendations of smaller but by no means inconsequential benefit. For purposes of comparison, point-in-time estimates for potential efficiency improvements and increased production figures refer to the year 2030, unless otherwise noted. Members of the Energy Security Leadership Council, a SAFE project, address the President, the Congress, and the American people with specific recommendations for reducing U.S. oil dependence and improving energy security.
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Summary of the Economic Impacts of Implementing "Recommendations to the Nation on Reducing U.S. Oil Dependence”
By: The Interindustry Forecasting Project at the University of Maryland, Keybridge Research LLC
Commissioned by the Energy Security Leadership Council and independently conducted by the Interindustry Forecasting Project at the University of Maryland (Inforum) and Keybridge Research LLC, this study estimates the long-term economic effects of the Council’s proposed policies for reducing the oil dependence of the U.S. economy. This study relies upon comprehensive simulation analysis employing the highly respected Inforum LIFT model, an interindustry macroeconomectric model of the U.S. economy.
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Natural Gas Supply in the EU in the Short to Media Term
By: The Clingendael Institute
Mar 2004
The guiding theme for Clingendael Energy Papers on the European gas market is to examine whether the proposed changes to the market structure, i.e. the completion of the internal gas market, will generate an outcome which meets the fundamental energy policy requirements. These fundamentals of energy policy are: Price, security of supply and protection of the environment.
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Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions : the Role of Coal
By: OECD, IEA Coal Industry Advisory Board
2005
This report by the IEA's Coal Industry Advisory Board (CIAB) explores the potential for technology to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions from burning coal. It finds that coal-based technologies have the potential to make significant CO2 emissions reductions and urges governments to assist by establishing regulatory frameworks that encourage the development and deployment of the latest technologies. It presents collaborative action by governments and industry to encourage co-ordinated research and action to develop and demonstrate clean coal technologies.
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The Dirty Truth About Coal: Why Yesterday's Technology Should Not Be Part Of Tomorrow's Energy Future
By: Alice McKeown (Sierra Club)
Jun 2007
The author states that coal-fired power plants are major contributors to global warming. She further asserts that "mining and burning coal scars lungs, tears up the land, pollutes water, devastates communities, and makes global warming worse." The coal industry, however, is pushing "clean" coal alternatives such as Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) that captures coal-fired exhaust and stores it underground and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) that converts coal to a gas then burned to produce electricity. The study urges that coal be mined responsibly and burned cleanly without exacerbating global warming.
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How Close is Carbon Capture and Sequestration to Being Ready for Prime Time?
Standard and Poor's‘ Special Report: The Credit Impact of Climate Change
By: Swami Venkataraman
May 2007
Carbon capture and sequestration technology has been around since the 1970s, but it is now attracting increasing interest. This is because continued use of coal—though necessary to meet energy demand over the next several decades—will generate significant CO2 emissions.The paper gives an overview of the technological status quo and current possibilities of carbon sequestration and points out that on the long run, the establishment of these technologies is more dependent on the legal and regulatory framework than on construction and maintenance costs.
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Page 71
Focus on Clean Coal
By: International Energy Agency
2006
This note provides an update on growth in global coal demand, the potential for efficiency improvements through the application of best practices at coal-fired power stations, and recent developments in the field of clean coal technologies incorporating carbon dioxide capture and storage.
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CO2 Capture Ready Plants
By: International Energy Agency
2007
The study explores necessary measures to make the power plant CO2 capture and storage ready.
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IEA Energy Technology Essentials: CO2 Capture and Storage
By: International Energy Agency
2006
The IEA Energy Technology Essentials series offers concise four-page updates on the different technologies for producing, transporting and using energy.
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Recent Advances in Clean Coal Technology
By: Senate -Energy and Natural Resources Committee - Oversight Hearing Aug 2007
The purpose of this hearing was to receive testimony on recent advances in clean coal technology, including the prospects for deploying these technologies at a commercial scale in the near future.
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Papers Session 5: Energy Efficiency – Expanding the Realm of the Possible
Seminar-Presentation by Jake Schmidt: Energy Efficiency: Expanding the Realm of the Possible
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Seminar-Presentation by Harvey Sachs: What Price (Savings) Energy Transformation: Energy Efficiency in Buildings
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Reducing U.S. Green House Gas Emissions: How Much at What Cost?
By: McKinsey&Company
Dec 2007
Recommended by Harvey Sachs as background literature for Session 5 of the Berlin Seminar.
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Enough is as Good as a Feast – Sufficiency as Policy
By: Environmental Change Institute - University of Oxford
2007
The paper considers definitions of energy sufficiency, looks at a recent attempt to model future energy use in terms of efficiency and sufficiency,and discusses quantitative and qualitative aspects of sufficiency and how they might become institutionalised.
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Climate Solutions: The WWF Vision for 2050
By: WWF International
2007
According to WWF, Governments must act in the next five years to keep emissions below the level scientists believe is needed to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. The world can double its energy demand while preventing a potential 2 degree Celsius temperature rise by 2050, but only by taking urgent action in areas such as energy efficiency and renewable technologies, they say. Nuclear power is "unacceptable" as there are "more than sufficient" more environmentally-benign options available. WWF stresses the importance of government targets and large-scale investment.
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Emerging Energy-Saving Technologies and Practices for the Buildings Sector as of 2004
By: Sachs et al. (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE))
2004
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Digital Tools Help Users Save Energy, Study Finds
By: Steve Lohr (New York Times)
Jan 2008
Giving people the means to closely monitor and adjust their electricity use lowers their monthly bills and could significantly reduce the need to build new power plants, according to a yearlong government study. The results of the research project by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory of the Energy Department suggest that if households have digital tools to set temperature and price preferences, the peak loads on utility grids could be trimmed by up to 15 percent a year. Over a 20-year period, this could save $70 billion on spending for power plants and infrastructure, and avoid the need to build the equivalent of 30 large coal-fired plants, say scientists at the federal laboratory.
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Papers Session 6: Transforming Energy Use – Aiming for the Impossible?
Case Studies in Sustainable Development in the Coal Industry
By: International Energy Agency
2006
In this compendium of over fifty case studies, the coal industry demonstrates that practical progress is being made in many areas: communities and people; resource stewardship and environmental impacts; management processes and systems; and along the value chain, in cooperation with customers and suppliers.
This publication illustrates that many of the commercial objectives of the coal industry – cost effective achievement of environmental standards, technology research and development, technology transfer and collaboration along the value chain – are also issues that governments can approach positively, in consultation with industry, so that coal is able to have a long-term role in sustainable development.
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Pathways to Sustainable Power In a Carbon-Constrained Future
By: Electric Power Research Institute
2007
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Apollo's Fire - Igniting America's Clean Energy Economy
By: Rep. Jay Inslee, Bracken Hendricks (Centre for American Progress)
Nov 2007
This is a thoughtful, optimistic book, based on sound facts. No one before has tied together the concepts of economic growth and greenhouse gas reductions with such concrete examples. The co-authors, one a U.S. Congressman who is the primary sponsor of the New Apollo Energy Act, and the other a CAP Senior Fellow and the founder of the Apollo Alliance, have joined their experience, expertise, and passion for a clean energy future to lay out the path to stop global warming and gain energy independence.
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Progressive Growth - Transforming America’s Economy through Clean Energy, Innovation, and Opportunity
By: John Podesta, Sarah Rosen Wartell, David Madland (Centre for American Progress)
Nov 2007
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Capturing the Energy Opportunity: Creating a Low-Carbon Economy
Part of "Progressive Growth", CAP’s Economic Plan for the Next Administration
By: John Podesta, Todd Stern, Kit Batten (Centre for American Progress)
Nov 2007
We have to face a challenge that is nothing short of the conversion of an economy sustained by high-carbon energy—putting both our national security and the health of our planet at serious risk—to one based on low-carbon, sustainable sources of energy. The scale of this undertaking is immense and its potential enormous.
This paper insists the United States must lead this revolution. Ours is a vision of an economy in which highly efficient vehicles dominate the roadways, service stations pump large quantities of low-carbon alternative fuels, incandescent light bulbs are entirely replaced by compact fluorescents, and all buildings employ day lighting, solar heating and cooling, as well as highly efficient appliances and air conditioning. In this economy, utility companies will increase their profits when customers save energy.
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Energy Efficiency: The First Fuel for a Clean Energy Future: Resources for Meeting Maryland's Electricity Needs.
By: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
2008
Maryland faces daunting challenges for its energy future. The growing demand for electricity and the stall in power system capacity calls into question our ability to keep the lights on past 2011–2012. Consumers are reeling from the recent surge in electricity prices that strain household budgets, imperil jobs, and create uncertainty for the state’s economy. Building new generation or transmission resources cannot meet these challenges in the near term—they cannot be brought online in time to forestall blackouts, and they will further increase electricity prices. Energy efficiency and demand response are the only resources that can be mobilized now to stave off the prospect of power curtailments in the next few years. Because they cost less than conventional powerplants, these demand-side resources are also the best way to help customers reduce their electricity bills.
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Digital Tools Help Users Save Energy, Study Finds
By: Steve Lohr (New York Times)
Jan 2008
Giving people the means to closely monitor and adjust their electricity use lowers their monthly bills and could significantly reduce the need to build new power plants, according to a yearlong government study. The results of the research project by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory of the Energy Department suggest that if households have digital tools to set temperature and price preferences, the peak loads on utility grids could be trimmed by up to 15 percent a year. Over a 20-year period, this could save $70 billion on spending for power plants and infrastructure, and avoid the need to build the equivalent of 30 large coal-fired plants, say scientists at the federal laboratory.
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Potential for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy to Meet Florida's Growing Energy Demands
By: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
Jun 2007
Florida is among the fastest growing states in the country, and the state’s electricity demand is growing even faster than the state’s population. To sustain this rapid economic and population growth, Florida needs to take action to meet the resulting increases in energy needs. A particular challenge is peak demand (those times when extreme heat or extreme cold crank up air conditioners and heaters), which is growing slightly faster in recent years than regular day-to-day electricity demand, and is the most expensive type of electricity.
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Enough is as Good as a Feast – Sufficiency as Policy
By: Environmental Change Institute - University of Oxford
2007
The paper considers definitions of energy sufficiency, looks at a recent attempt to model future energy use in terms of efficiency and sufficiency,and discusses quantitative and qualitative aspects of sufficiency and how they might become institutionalised.
Download Paper [pdf, 371 KB]
